L'obligation de l'aumône (zakat) et des paiements nécessaires des biens

2. A number of our people have narrated from Sahl ibn Ziyad and Ahmad ibn Muhammad all from ibn Mahbub from ‘Abd Allah ibn Sinan who has said the following: “Abu ‘Abd Allah, has said that once this verse of the Holy Quran was revealed to the Messenger of Allah. ‘Collect religious tax (zakat) from them to purify and cleanse them . . .’ (9:103) It was revealed in the month of Ramadan, the Messenger of Allah commanded his announcer to announce among people that Allah has made it compulsory on you to pay zakat (charity) just as He has made obligatory upon you to perform Salah (prayer). Allah, the Most Majestic, the Most Glorious, has made it compulsory to pay zakat on gold and silver; and on cattle: camel, cows, sheep; and on grains: wheat, barley, dates and raisins. The announcer announced it in the month of Ramadan. He exempted them from payment of zakat on other forms of properties.’ The Imam then said, ‘Besides, He did not make it compulsory to pay zakat on their properties before the end of the year. They completed fasting. He then commanded his announcer to announce among the Muslims, “O Muslims, pay zakat on your properties; your Salah (prayer) will be accepted.’” He said, ‘Then he (the Messenger of Allah) sent his land assessor and tax collectors among people to collect zakat.’”

Lorsque la Zakat fut révélée, prélevez d'eux une aumône qui les purifie et les purifie avec, et elle fut révélée pendant le mois de Ramadan. Le Messager d'Allah (que la paix soit sur lui et sa famille) a ordonné à son crieur de proclamer parmi les gens que Allah vous a imposé la Zakat comme Il vous a imposé la prière. Allah a donc imposé sur eux de l'or et de l'argent et a imposé l'aumône sur les chameaux, les vaches, les moutons, le blé, l'orge, les dattes et les raisins secs. Il a proclamé cela parmi eux pendant le mois de Ramadan et leur a pardonné tout autre que cela. Puis il n'a imposé aucune partie de leurs biens jusqu'à ce que la récolte arrive pour eux, ils ont jeûné et rompu le jeûne. Son crieur a alors proclamé parmi les musulmans: "Ô musulmans, purifiez vos biens afin que vos prières soient acceptées." Ensuite, il a dirigé les collecteurs de l'aumône et les collecteurs des péchés.

3. A number of our people have narrated from Sahl ibn Ziyad from Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn abu Nasr from Hammad ibn ‘Uthman from Rifa‘ah ibn Musa who has said the following: “I heard abu ’Abd Allah, ‘Alayhi al-Salam, say, ‘No other obligation that Allah has made compulsory upon this nation is of more intensity than zakat. In the matter of zakat most of them face their destruction.”

"Dieu n'a imposé à cette communauté rien de plus contraignant que la zakat, et c'est en elle que la majorité d'entre eux périssent."

4. Ali ibn Ibrahim has narrated from his father from ‘Abd Allah ibn al-Mughirah from ibn Muskan and more than one person who have said the following: “Abu ‘Abd Allah, ‘Alayhi al-Salam, has said that Allah, the Most Majestic, the Most Glorious, has assigned in properties of affluent people a share for the needy that is sufficient to meet their need; otherwise, He would have increased such share. Shortages come from non-payment of those who do not pay.”

Certes, Allah, Majestueux et Glorifié, a assigné aux pauvres dans les biens des riches de quoi les suffire. Sans cela, Il les aurait augmentés. Ils ne reçoivent que ce qui leur a été retenu par celui qui les a privés.

5. Ali ibn Ibrahim has narrated from his father from Hammad ibn ‘Isa from Hariz from Muhammad ibn Muslim and abu Basir, Burayd and Fudayl who have said the following: “Abu Ja‘far and abu ‘Abd Allah, ‘Alayhim al-Salam, have said that Allah has made zakat obligatory along with Salah (prayer).”

Dieu a prescrit l'aumône légale (zakāt) avec la prière.

6. Ali ibn Ibrahim has narrated from his father from Isma’il ibn Marrar from Mubarak al-‘Aqarqufiy who has said the following: “Abu al-Hassan, ‘Alayhi al-Salam, has said, ‘Allah, the Most Majestic, the Most Glorious, has made zakat as means of living for the needy and to increase your properties.’”

Certes, Allah, le Puissant et Majestueux, a institué la Zakat comme subsistance pour les pauvres et comme préservation de vos biens.

7. A number of our people have narrated from Ahmad ibn Muhammad from al-Husayn ibn Sa‘id from al-Nadr ibn al-Suwayd from ‘Abd Allah ibn Sinan who has said the following: “Abu ‘Abd Allah, ‘Alayhi al-Salam, has said that Allah, the Most Majestic, the Most Glorious, has made paying zakat compulsory as He has made performing of Salah (prayer) obligatory. If a man pays zakat publicly, it is not a blamable thing to do. It is because Allah, the Most Majestic, the Most Glorious, has assigned a share in the properties of affluent people for the needy enough to meet their needs. If it were in His knowledge that such share is not enough for them, He would have increased it. What the needy people face is because of withholding payment of zakat which is denying the rights of the needy, not because of the degree of the amount made compulsory.”

Certes, Allah, le Puissant et Majestueux, a rendu la Zakat obligatoire tout comme Il a rendu la prière obligatoire. Si un homme porte la Zakat et la donne ouvertement, il n'y a aucun défaut en cela, car Allah a rendu obligatoire pour les riches de donner aux pauvres ce qui suffit aux pauvres. S'ils savaient que ce qui leur a été rendu obligatoire ne leur suffit pas, ils les augmenteraient. Les pauvres ne reçoivent que ce qui leur est donné en raison de ce qui leur a été interdit de leurs droits, pas de l'aumône obligatoire.

8. Muhammad ibn Yahya has narrated from Ahmad ibn Muhammad from ‘Uthman ibn ‘Isa from Sama‘ah ibn Mehran who has said the following: “Abu ‘Abd Allah, ‘Alayhi al-Salam, has said that Allah, the Most Majestic, the Most Glorious, has made it compulsory on affluent people to pay the share of the needy people from their properties and the affluent people will not be praised unless they pay the share of needy people. This share is zakat. Paying zakat protects their lives and because of paying zakat, they are called Muslims. However, Allah, the Most Majestic, the Most Glorious, has assigned other shares in the properties of the affluent people, which are other than zakat. This is what a man considers necessary to pay from his property as Allah, the Most Majestic, the Most Glorious, has mentioned in His book: ‘They are those who assign a certain share of their property (70:24) for the needy and the deprived (70:25).’ The ‘certain share’ is something other than zakat. It is what one considers necessary to pay to the needy. He must, however, do so according to his financial abilities and then pay what he has considered necessary. He may pay every day, every Friday or every month. Allah, the Most Majestic, the Most Glorious, has also said, ‘The charitable men and women who give a virtuous loan to Allah will receive double from Him in addition to their honorable reward.’ (57:18) This also is something other than zakat. Allah, the Most Majestic, the Most Glorious, has said again, ‘. . . My believing servants . . . spend for the cause of their Lord, both in private and in public, out of what We have given them. . . .’ (14:31) Assistance is a form of loan, borrowing a certain item or lending a helping hand are also of matters Allah, the Most Majestic, the Most Glorious, has made necessary and they are other than zakat. Allah, the Most Majestic, the Most Glorious, has said, ‘Those who fulfill their promise to and covenant with Allah (13:20), who maintain all the proper relations that Allah has commanded them to maintain, who have fear of their Lord and the hardships of the Day of Judgment’ (13:21). Those who pay what Allah has made compulsory have fulfilled their duties and have paid thanks to Allah for His bounties in his properties. In this way he has thanked Allah for what Allah has granted him and has given him preference over others as wealthier than others and has given him the opportunity to fulfill his duty toward Allah, the Most Majestic, the Most Glorious, and has helped him to do so.”

"Certes, Allah, le Puissant et Majestueux, a imposé aux riches des obligations envers les pauvres, des obligations qu'ils ne peuvent louer que par leur accomplissement. Il s'agit de l'aumône légale (Zakat) par laquelle ils purifient leur sang et se font reconnaître en tant que musulmans. Cependant, Allah a également imposé aux riches des droits autres que la Zakat. Il a dit : 'Et parmi leurs biens, il y a un droit bien connu.' Ce droit bien connu, autre que la Zakat, est quelque chose que l'homme impose à lui-même sur sa propre richesse. Il lui incombe de l'imposer selon ses capacités et l'étendue de sa richesse, en l'acquittant de ce qu'il s'est imposé, s'il le souhaite, chaque jour, chaque vendredi, ou chaque mois. Allah a également dit : 'Prêtez à Allah un bon prêt.' Ceci est autre que la Zakat. Et Allah a dit : 'Ils dépensent de ce que Nous leur avons attribué, en secret et en public.' Et également : 'Et ceux qui raccordent ce qu'Allah a ordonné d'unir.' Celui qui accomplit ce qu'Allah lui a imposé a alors accompli son devoir et a exprimé sa gratitude pour les bienfaits qu'Allah lui a accordés dans sa richesse. Il le loue pour les faveurs qu'Il lui a accordées, le distinguant par la générosité qu'Il lui a accordée par rapport aux autres, et pour l'avoir aidé à accomplir ce qu'Allah lui a imposé."

9. Ali ibn Ibrahim has narrated from his father from af-Husayn ibn Sa‘id from Fadalah ibn Ayyub from abu af-Maghra’ from abu Basir who has said the following: “Once we were in the presence of abu ‘Abd Allah, ‘Alayhi al-Salam. With us, there were certain wealthier persons. People spoke about zakat. Abu ‘Abd Allah, ‘Alayhi al-Salam, said, ‘One does not become very much praiseworthy for paying zakat, although it is something purifying. Obviously, he has only protected his life and because of such payment is called a Muslim. Were he not to pay zakat his Salah (prayer) would not receive acceptance. However, on your properties, payments other than zakat are also due.’ I (the narrator) than asked, ‘I pray to Allah to keep you well, what other payments, besides zakat, are due on our properties?’ He replied, ‘Allah is free of all defects. Have you not heard the words of Allah, the Most Majestic, the Most Glorious, in His book, “They are those who assign a certain share of their property (70:24) for the needy and the deprived.” (70:25) I (the narrator) then asked, ‘What is the “certain share,” in our properties, due on us?’ He replied, ‘It is the amount that one pays from his property every day, or every Friday or every month in small amounts or large amounts and continues doing so. It also is mentioned in the words of Allah, the Most Majestic, the Most Glorious, “. . . and refuse to help the needy.” (107:7) This kind of help is what one considers necessary to pay as a loan, or a favor or household items borrowed and of this kind is zakat.’ I then said, ‘We have such neighbors that on lending things to them they may break or destroy them. Is it alright if we deny them such things?’ He replied, ‘In such case you are not blamed.’ I then asked about the words of Allah, ‘They feed the destitute, orphans, and captives for the love of Allah. . .’ (76:8) He said, ‘That is not of zakat.’ I then asked about the words of Allah, Allah, most Majestic, most Glorious, ‘. . . they spent their property during the night and day, publicly or privately’ (2:273) He said, ‘It is not of zakat.’ I then asked about the words of Allah, Allah, most Majestic, most Glorious, ‘It is alright if you pay charity publicly but if you pay to the needy privately it is better for you.’ (2:270) The Imam said, ‘It is not of zakat. Keeping good relations with your relatives is not of zakat.’”

10. Ali ibn Muhammad has narrated from Ahmad ibn Muhammad from ibn Khalid from ‘Uthman from ibn ‘Isa from Isma’il ibn Jabir who has said the following: “In the following words of Allah, the Most Majestic, the Most Glorious, there is the expression, ‘certain share’: ‘They are those who assign a certain share of their property (70:24) for the needy and the deprived.’ (70:25) Whether ’certain share’ stands for zakat or something else, the Imam said, ‘It is the property that Allah gives to an affluent person who pays a thousand or two or three or less or more to keep good relations with relatives or relieve the burdens of his people.’”

concernant la parole d'Allah, exalté soit-Il : "Et dans leurs biens, il y a un droit bien connu pour le mendiant et le privé." Il s'agit autre que la zakat. Il s'agit de l'homme à qui Allah accorde une richesse de biens, puis il en retire mille, deux mille, trois mille, plus ou moins, et il la dépense pour maintenir les liens de parenté et soulager les besoins de sa communauté.

11. It is a narration from him (narrator of previous Hadith) by Ahmad ibn Muhammad from af-Hassan ibn Mahbub from ‘Abd al-Rahman ibn al-Hajjaj from al-Qasim ibn ‘Abd al-Rahman af-Ansariy who has said the following: “I heard abu Ja‘far, ‘Alayhi al-Salam, say, ‘Once a man came to my father, Ali ibn al-Husayn, ‘Alayhi al-Salam, and said, “Please tell me about the expression ‘certain share’. The words of Allah, the Most Majestic, the Most Glorious, say, ‘They are those who assign a certain share of their property (70:24) for the needy and the deprived.’ (70:25) What is this ‘certain share’?”’ Ali ibn al-Husayn, Alayhi al- Salam, said to him, ‘The ‘certain share’ is what a man pays from his property. It is not zakat or obligatory charity.’ He then asked, ‘If it is not of zakat or obligatory charity, then what is it?’ The Imam replied, ‘It is what a person pays from his property in small or larger amounts according to his ability.’ The man then asked, ‘What does he do with it?’ The Imam replied, ‘He thereby keeps good relation with relatives, entertains guest, relieves a burden, keeps good relations with a brother in faith, for the sake of Allah or fends off thereby a misfortune.’ The man then said, ‘Allah knows best where to keep (whom to entrust with) His message.’”

"Certains sont venus voir Abi Ali ibn Al-Hussein (que la paix soit sur eux) et lui ont demandé : 'Expliquez-nous la parole d'Allah, exalté soit-Il, 'et dans leurs biens, il y a un droit connu pour le mendiant et le privé'. Quel est ce droit connu ?' Alors Ali ibn Al-Hussein (que la paix soit sur eux) leur a répondu : 'Ce droit connu est ce que l'homme dépense de son bien, qui n'est ni l'aumône légale (zakat) ni l'aumône recommandée (sadaqa), c'est quelque chose qu'il donne de son bien, autant qu'il le souhaite, en fonction de ce qu'il possède.' L'homme lui a demandé : 'Que doit-il en faire ?' Il a répondu : 'Il peut l'utiliser pour renforcer les liens familiaux, accueillir un invité, aider un nécessiteux ou soutenir un frère dans la religion ou son représentant. L'homme a dit : 'Que Dieu sache où il place Ses messages'."

12. It is a narration from him (narrator of previous Hadith) by ibn Faddal from Safwan al-Jammal who has said the following: “In the following words of Allah there is the expression ‘deprived’: ‘They are those who assign a certain share of their property (70:24) for the needy and the deprived.’ (70:25) Abu ‘Abd Allah, Alayhi al-Salam, has said, ‘“Deprived” is a professional who no longer is able to benefit from the labor of his hands in business transactions.’” “In another Hadith it is narrated from abu Ja‘far and abu ‘Abd Allah, Alayhim al-Salam, who have said, ‘Deprived is a person who has no problem in his understanding but is very tight in means of living.’”

Le refusé est celui qui est privé, comme si sa main était paralysée dans les transactions commerciales.

13. Ali ibn Muhammad has narrated from those whom he has mentioned (in his book) from Muhammad ibn Khalid from Muhammad ibn Sinan from al-Mufaddal who has said the following: “Once I was in the presence of abu ‘Abd Allah, Alayhi al-Salam, when a man asked him, ‘For how much property is it compulsory to pay zakat?’ The Imam asked him, ‘Do you mean thereby the apparent or unapparent zakat?’ He replied, ‘I mean both kinds.’ The Imam said, ‘The apparent kind is twenty-five due upon every one thousand. The unapparent kind is what you should not spare from your brother what he needs more than you do.’”

14. A number of our people have narrated from Ahmad ibn abu ‘Abd Allah from al-Hassan ibn Mahbub from Malik ibn ‘Atiyyah from ‘Amir ibn Juza‘ah who has said the following: “Once a man came in the presence of abu ‘Abd Allah, Alayhi al-Salam, and appealed, ‘O abu ‘Abd Allah, grant me a loan until I am able to pay back.’ Abu ‘Abd Allah, Alayhi al-Salam, asked, ‘Do you want to borrow until the time you harvest your plantation?’ The man answered, ‘No, by Allah, (I do not have any plantation).’ The Imam then asked, ‘Do you want until you make a business gain?’ He replied ‘No, by Allah, (I do not have any business).’ The Imam then asked, ‘Do you want to borrow until you receive profit from a contract you have made?’ He replied, ‘No, by Allah, (I do not have any such contract)’ Abu ‘Abd Allah, ‘Alayhi al-Salam, then said, ‘You then are of those for whom Allah has set a share in our properties.’ He then asked to bring for him a bag with dirhams in it. He then picked up a handful of money there-from and gave it to him saying, ‘Observe piety before Allah. Do not spend it extravagantly or miserly but spend it in a balanced manner. Spending in a wasteful manner is extravagance and Allah, the Most Majestic, the Most Glorious, forbids it, “Do not squander your belongings wastefully. . . (17:27)’” Al-Hassan ibn Mahbub has narrated from Sa‘dan ibn Muslim from abu ‘Abd Allah, ‘Alayhi al-Salam, a similar Hadith.”

Un homme est venu voir Abu Abdullah (que la paix soit sur lui) et lui a dit : "Ô Abu Abdullah, j'ai une dette envers Maisara." Abu Abdullah (que la paix soit sur lui) lui a répondu : "Va vers Ghalla, tu la trouveras. " L'homme a dit : "Non, par Allah." Il a dit : "Alors va vers un commerce qui te rapportera des bénéfices." L'homme a répondu : "Non, par Allah." Abu Abdullah (que la paix soit sur lui) a dit : "Alors, es-tu de ceux pour qui Allah a prévu une part dans nos biens ?" Ensuite, il a appelé un sac contenant des pièces de monnaie et a mis la main dedans, en lui donnant une poignée, puis lui a dit : "Crains Allah, ne sois pas extravagant ni avare, mais reste entre les deux, car le gaspillage découle de l'extravagance." Allah, Le Tout-Puissant, a dit : "Et ne gaspille pas indûment. Car les gaspilleurs sont les frères des diables." Hasan ibn Mahbub, de la part de Sa'dan ibn Muslim, de la part d'Abu Abdullah (que la paix soit sur lui), a rapporté des propos similaires.

15. Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn ‘Abd Allah and others have narrated from Ahmad ibn abu ‘Abd Allah from his father from ‘Abd Allah ibn al-Qasim from a man of the people of Sabat who has said the following: “Abu ‘Abd Allah, ‘Alayhi al-Salam, once said to ‘Ammar al-Sabatiy, ‘O ‘Ammar, do you own a great wealth?’ He replied, ‘Yes, I pray to Allah to keep my soul in service for your cause.’ The Imam then asked, ‘Do you pay what Allah has made compulsory in the form of zakat?’ He replied, ‘Yes, I pay.’ The Imam then asked, ‘Do you pay “certain share” out of your wealth?’ He replied, ‘Yes, I pay.’ The Imam then asked, ‘Do you maintain good relations with your relatives?’ He replied, ‘Yes, I do so.’ The Imam asked, ‘Do you keep good relations with your brothers in faith?’ He replied, ‘Yes, I do so.’ The Imam then said, ‘O ‘Ammar, wealth goes away, bodies become old but deeds remain. The One who rewards for good deeds lives forever and never dies. O ‘Ammar, what you save as good deeds do not leave you behind and what you postponed never come to join you.’”

16. Ali ibn Ibrahim has narrated from Ahmad ibn Muhammad from Muhammad ibn Khalid from ‘Abd Allah ibn Yahya from ‘Abd Allah ibn Muskan from abu Basir who has said the following: “I asked abu ‘Abd Allah, ‘Alayhi al-Salam, about the words of Allah, the Most Majestic, the Most Glorious, ‘Charities are for the poor and the destitute. . .’ (9:60) The Imam said, ‘Poor is one who does not ask people for help, destitute is one of a worse condition, and hopeless is even of a worse condition. Paying, what Allah, the Most Majestic, the Most Glorious, has made compulsory upon you, publicly is better than paying privately. It is better to pay privately what is paid voluntarily. A person’s carrying zakat that he must pay, on his shoulders that he then distributes in public is just fine and beautiful.’”

Le pauvre est celui qui ne demande rien aux gens, et l'indigent est plus méritant que lui, et le nécessiteux est plus méritant qu'eux. Tout ce qu'Allah, Le Très-Haut, t'a prescrit de rendre public est meilleur que de le garder secret, et tout ce qui est fait volontairement, gardé secret, est meilleur que de le rendre public. Et si un homme porte la zakat de son bien sur son dos et la distribue publiquement, cela est beau et bon.

17. Ali ibn Ibrahim has narrated from his father from ibn abu ‘Umayr from Ishaq ibn ‘Ammar who has said the following: “Abu ‘Abd Allah, ‘Alayhi al-Salam, about the words of Allah, the Most Majestic, the Most Glorious, ‘. . . If you pay it privately to the needy, it is better for you. . . .’ (2:273), has said, ‘This payment is a payment other than compulsory zakat which is paid publicly and not privately.’”

...concernant la parole d'Allah, Le Très-Haut : "Et si vous les cachez et les donnez aux pauvres, cela vaut mieux pour vous." Il dit : "Cela est autre que la zakat, car la zakat est publique et non secrète."

18. Muhammad ibn Yahya has narrated from Muhammad ibn al-Hassan from Safwan ibn Yahya from al-‘Ala’ ibn Razin from Muhammad ibn Muslim from one of them (the two Imam): “Someone asked the Imam, ‘Alayhi al-Salam, about poor and destitute. He replied, ‘Poor is one who does not ask for help. Destitute is of a worse condition and he asks for help.’”

Il lui demanda au sujet du pauvre et du nécessiteux. Il répondit : Le pauvre est celui qui ne mendie pas, et le nécessiteux est celui qui est plus éprouvé que celui qui mendie.

19. A number of our people have narrated from Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn ‘Isa from Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn abu Nasr who has said the following: “I mentioned something before al-Rida, ‘Alayhi al-Salam, and he said, ’Exercise patience. I hope Allah will do something good for you if He so wills.’ He then said, ’By Allah, He does not delay anything from a believer of the worldly things unless it is better for him than to do it for him quickly.’ He then belittled worldly things and said, ‘It is worthless.’ He then said, ‘An affluent person faces the danger of owing compulsory payments of the rights of Allah. By Allah, I may receive bounties from Allah, most Majestic, most Glorious, and I continue to be afraid’ - moving his hand- ’until I pay off what Allah has made compulsory upon me to pay.’ I then said, ’I pray to Allah to keep my soul in service for your cause, why you fear with such a prominent position before Allah?’ He replied, ‘Yes, I do and I am thankful to Allah for what He has granted me.’”

[Traduction du contenu principal du hadith]